The Little Rock Integration Crisis Essays - , Term Papers

The Little Rock Integration Crisis The Little Rock Integration Crisis Nearly a century after the conclusion of the civil war, our nation was still not united. However, no longer was tension between the north and south threatening the welfare of our country, but instead the segregation of African-Americans. A primary goal in the civil war was abolishing slavery and although that was accomplished, many believed that blacks were hardly better off. However, a sense that change was necessary had swept across the United States. The desegregation movement was just beginning and the effects of the Little Rock Integration Crisis was one of the earliest stepping stones leading towards a united nation; this event helped set new standards of integration, while setting an example to the rest of the world that old forms of segregation would no longer be accepted. In the early 1950s, racial segregation was widely accepted across the nation. It was believed that this would create a better learning atmosphere for white students. Although all school districts across cities and states were supposed to be equal, facilities, teachers, and school conditions were far superior in white schools than black schools. This system was feebly challenged until 1951. In Topeka, Kansas, Oliver Brown attempted to enroll his third-grade daughter to an all white school. Olivers daughter had to walk more than a mile to her all black school, while the white school was merely seven blocks from their home. Although denied enrollment, Brown appealed all the way to the Supreme Court. In the precedent-setting trial of Brown vs. the Board of Education, Chief Justice Earl Warren declared that the Supreme Court had ruled in favor of Oliver Brown no longer would segregation be permitted. Brown vs. the Board of Education was the catalyst to the Little Rock Integration Crisis. After the decision, the Little Rock school board accepted the fact that it had to integrate black and white children in their schools. Reluctantly, the Little Rock school board developed an integration plan, although it took more than three years to create. Nonetheless, by 1957 the integration plan was finished. The plan called for three phases. The primary phase would take place in the 1957-1958 school year. During this school year, the senior high schools, grades 10-12, would be integrated. The following school year the junior high schools would be integrated. After the two previous schools were successfully integrated, the elementary schools would be integrated. As the 1957-1958 school year grew near, the board began to plan for the senior high school integration. It was decided that the Horace Mann school, better known as the all black school, would be kept intact. Some students from the Horace Mann school would be selected to attend the local white high school, called Central High. Of the several black students that volunteered to attend Central High, a selection process selected the seventeen students they felt would fit the best. These students were selected mostly on their exceptional grades; however, the students were also engaged in many extracurricular activities. As the new school year approached, the seventeen students dwindled down to nine, as many feared they would not be able to handle the intense pressures of the all white school. The tension grew in Little Rock and the students were forced to face much adversity before the school year even began. A number of whites went to court to try to put a court ordered injunction on the integration, but they were all denied. Many members of the black community disapproved of the integration as well, claiming that the students did not deserve to be among the higher class white students and that they would be out of place. The Little Rock school board did as much as they could to limit the blacks as well. Knowing they could not prevent integration, the school board simply laid several restrictions on the new black students, banning them from extracurricular activities and athletics. The school board cited that this was because they were transfer students; however, the truth was quite evident that this was not truly the reason. Regardless, these nine, courageous students prepared to attend their first day at Central High on September 3, 1957. On September 2, 1957, the night before

Pm Triangle Essay

Pm Triangle Essay Pm Triangle Essay Library Assignment The traditional Pm Triangle is derived from traditional project success factors, critical success factors are additional variables used to measure project success. The PM Triangle application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations from a project. For a project to be successful the Triangle scope, time and cost must remain in proportion to the other side. Project management triangle has been a tool relied upon project management for decades. It has taken many shapes to help communicate the complexities of a project. The tradition PM Triangle consists of time, cost, and scope. The amount of time it takes to complete a project, the overall budget of the project, and the goal of the project that must be completed to satisfy the project. The triangle is drawn as an equilateral triangle which indicates all size is the same. This indicates that any changes to time, Example increase time towards the project has an effect on cost and scope. This will require a change in cost to pay more employees for the extra time and these changes the overall scope view of the project. The initial triangle represents the concept that when all of the known cost, time, and scope constraints are working together the desired project quality will be successfully achieved (2008). The project scope defines the system and determines its behavior of the project, how the work will be accomplished (Russell W. D., John M. P, 2010). Events do occur that require the scope of the project to change for example a changes in a supermarket may require changes in a product design or the timing of the product delivery. Project success often includes completing the project on time. Completing the project on time requires the development of realistic time and the effective management plan. Project team develops a work breakdown structure for more detail scheduling. This defines the project by dividing the project into major subcomponents which are subdivided into more components (Jay.H, Barry R. 2010). The division of the project into smaller and smaller components can be difficult, but critical to managing the project and to scheduling success. Developing and controlling a project budget that will accomplish the project objectives is a critical project management skill. This provides a means of controlling the consumption of budget across time (Russell W. D., John M. P, 2010). One responsibility of a project manager is to identify which of the three constraints is most important to the project. For example, to have the product out the door by a specific date or to have the project complete within a certain budget. The project manager is responsible for developing a project quality plan that defines the quality expectations and assures that the specifications and expectations are met. The quality plan is created early in the project because decisions made about quality can have a significant impact on other decisions about scope, time, cost and risk (Carsten H 2010). Human Resource consists of staffing the project with the right skills, at the right place, and at the right time is an important responsibility of the project management team. According to (), having motivated team members is the best interest of the project, the project manager, and the organization. According to Russell Darnall and John Preston (2010), the top ten reasons why project fails are due to the lack of communication. Team work requires good communication among team members. Good communication would indicate team meetings discuss issues about the project or questions regarding project. Risk exist in all projects it’s important for project managers to understand the kinds and levels of the risks on the project. Project managers then need to develop and design plans to mitigate those risks. Project managers treat risk management as a dynamic part of a project

7 Bad Study Habits that Crush Your Productivity

7 Bad Study Habits that Crush Your Productivity After reading this article you’ll be able to boost your performance and conquer the world with style and savvy. Each one of the habits we’ll discuss are disturbingly common. Common as say†¦mediocrity. 1. You Guessed It†¦Procrastination Let’s be honest, some people can master the art of procrastination and some can’t. In reality, what those people are really doing is allowing the information to marinate in their minds. They’re making sense of it internally. Constantly dreaming about it. Thinking about it before they sleep each night. The people who can’t do it, pretty much just push things off until the last minute. Only then do they really direct their energies towards the problem or issue. That doesn’t really work. It just doesn’t. 2. Getting Stuck with Indecision Indecision causes us to become immobile. We stagnate, transforming into a human version of Pavlov’s Dog. Pick a place to start, the most accessible and begin. Tackle the simplest component and move on from there bit by bit. Furthermore, when in doubt go find someone with the answers and consult with them. Doing otherwise, just trying to be the proud Lone Ranger-type is oftentimes flat out ridiculous. And stop waiting for the perfect circumstances to arise, or that special feeling or whatever. That’s just indecision in disguise. You’re saying to yourself that you know what you â€Å"want† to do, but you can only perform miracles once you decide you HAVE to. 3. Listening to the Passing Cloud of Thought Is there anything under the sun more potentially distracting than your inner monologue? Honestly. At every second of every day it just keeps chattering away. Or, if you’re one of the more internally silent types, they tend to act up when you try to focus on something important. Learn to put it in the background and keep it there otherwise you’ll end up going on mental tangents over and over and over again wasting mountains of time. In reality those little tantalizing thoughts are energy vampires. You’ve only got so much before you have to disengage so choose wisely which thoughts you entertain. 4. Not Staying Physically Active Embody your studying whoever possible, or make sure to exercise at least once every day five days a week†¦period! The human mind and body thrive on physical activity. We’re genetically bred for it from our heads to our toes. Resistance sharpens up. When you have a break from your math homework, instead of staying mind-centric go give your body some attention. Take a jog. Go for a swim. Workout. Whatever. Confidence is also a pretty big productivity booster in nearly every respect. Think about it: don’t you do better in all areas of your life when you hold yourself and your abilities in higher esteem? The more focused your body, the more focused your mind can become†¦which in turn makes it easier to keep your internal monologue (not the same as your gut instincts) in check. 5. Caving to Technology Distractions It’s everywhere, calling for your attention second by second day in and day out. Social media networks are live 24/7. You could check recent updates. See if people commented on your blog. You could play some Angry Birds†¦The Xbox is backing thee. Virtual reality is ready to envelope your avatar once again. It goes on and on. You have got to completely disengage your mind from techno-distractions for a while if you’re going to get something done, especially if you’re forced to use a computer to do it. Don’t have tabs or windows open that don’t have to do with the problem at hand. Stop checking your email. Stop checking Drudge†¦! 6. Your Multi-tasking is Too Complex Getting lots of things done at once is awesome. It’s efficient. But, once you reach a point where the complexity is too much only pride and pure ignorance keep you chugging along at 30%. If you’re a chronic multi-tasker try this: do one thing at a time and see if you get more or less done. How about it? You up for the task? You can either go from easiest to hardest, or just mix things up in any way you see fit. Give it a shot. Oftentimes you’ll end up just grouping 2 or 3 things together as you can rather than the whole lot! 7. Avoiding Sufficient Nutrition Guess what genius, without sufficient hydration and micronutrient intake you’re cutting yourself drastically short. Take a simple biology, or human physiology class and be amazed by how much water and energy your brain requires. It’s shocking. Speaking of which, how about you shock yourself and eat quality food rather than top ramen, chili powder and peanut butter. Okay, we’re done. It’s your turn. What the #1 productivity killer to you?

Environmental Paper, Our Stolen Future, Chapter 4 Hormone Havoc Term Paper

Environmental , Our Stolen Future, Chapter 4 Hormone Havoc - Term Paper Example Such experiment was conducted at a time while Brit scientist and physician Edward Charles Dodds presented diethylstilbestrol (DES), a man-made estrogen, as wonder drug that could help resolve the miscarriages and premature births. It was prescribed to 5 million pregnant women in major continents of the world, which was apparently thought of as massive experimentation of medicines' impact. It was later given to women as medicine preventive of miscarriage and was later publicized in 1957 as booster for babies. DES production and marketing expanded in broader areas as physicians prescribed the medicine to cease lactation after child's birth, as treatment for prostrate cancer, and for medication to acne, gonorrhea in children, and to suppress the growth of youths with towering heights. It later became a fattening agent for live stocks, such as chicken and cows. Researchers thereafter concluded that advancement of technologies can produce miracles by producing synthetic chemicals. For the m, such breakthrough meant unending possibilities to tinker with the limitations of life. However, is the discovery and anent impact of synthetic medicines’ prescription scientifically carried out and are publicly known about? First, rats, as object of medical experiments does not totally represent the hormonal composition of human body, especially that of pregnant females. Second, scientists unconscientiously and unprofessionally introduced DES to the market and prescribed it practically to all pregnant women in major continents of the world and making use of them as experimental objects at the same time. Scientists grossly violated and disregarded the negative impact of massively experimenting pregnant women’s hormone because of the absence of solid proof about DES’ effectiveness before these are prescribed and made available in the market. Kramer (2011) pointed that the functions of human body and its adaptability to natural immunity to maintain better health depended on balance hormone. For instance, problems on prostrate and breast cancer arise due to hormonal issues. But the pervasive entry of synthetic chemicals in world market, which tinker on human hormones, has numerous studies which pointed that these are damaging to human health and to wildlife, the latter being used as objects of experimental tests and studies. Kramer (2011) said that DES is a synthetic estrogen which has a bad side too. Research proved that DES caused reproductive damages to minks fed with offal sourced from chicken subjected to DES treatment (p. 1). As a bad forecast, DES significantly impacted to children born from women who suffered disorders in reproduction as cancer became observable to these children when they reached teen age. Although DES was pulled out in the market in 1971, this was however continually used to fatten livestocks, e.g. poultry and cattle, in the 80s although this was replaced with similar kind of synthetic hormone-related medicines. C ontinuous exposure of human beings to these meats with DES may hinder body's reproductive capacity and natural processes on metabolism. Such negative and dangerous impact should be seriously. Kramer (2011) pointed that these problems could be handed down to succeeding generations subtly but with such devastating effects. DES and those of similar composition, such as estradiol, does not only affect women but men's natural hormonal balance, too. It does not potentially cause cancer but

Apples iPhone Smartphone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apples iPhone Smartphone - Research Paper Example The launch of the iPhone was done in UK on June 29th 2007 amid great fanfare and customer expectations. The phone was touted as a hybrid cellphone-computer-mp3 player. It has all the dream features of a touch screen, with 3G technology, video camera recording, internet access through wifi, Bluetooth, mp3 player and GPS mapping. "It is not a phone, but a hand held multi-function device, one for a person on the move" was the message sent out by the company. In the internet based market, new applications are a premium market. The iPhone offers download features that are a great value addition to the customer. The market for mobile applications, or apps, will become "as big as the internet", peaking at 10 million apps in 2020, a leading online store says.1Apple runs the most popular application store with more than 65,000 applications. There had been a record 1.5 billion downloads in July 2009. 3G spectrum allows faster download of data, simultaneous transfer of both voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging e-mail, and instant messaging. The highlight of 3G is video telephony. 4G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices2. When the customer does not need to carry a separate device for listening to radio, internet access, locating places on maps, communicating through audio-visuals and connecting to other mobile and non-mobile devices, definitely, the value addition can be measured in terms of millions of $ saved on these gadgets. A hand held magical device that acts as a screen for a bank account, a demat account, gives access to online shopping from across the world, brings the best of Utube and FM, helps people communicate and trade has added value not only on monetary terms, but also in terms of satisfaction for the customer. Customer Support Genius Bar These are set up at all retail stores to help customers troubleshoot any problems they may face. The customer support workers are professionals thoroughly trained in the working of Mac, iPod, Apple TV, and iPhone. There's little they don't know about Apple products3. An appointment can be fixed over the internet at the local Apple store. Download Support The iPhone comes with download support for a user guide complete with troubleshooting hints, syncing with other phones, enabling MMS. Thus, help is at hand for both offshore and onshore problems. The website http://www.apple.com/support/ gives clear instructions on getting help at every step, whether for setting up the iPhone or downloading complicated data from websites. Discussion Forums Discussion forums have been set up by the company for people to exchange their ideas and experiences while using the iPhone. This would be very handy for the customer as simple problems could be solved by interacting with other iPhone users. New partnerships with technology partners New products open up new markets and avenues for partnerships with both service providers and customers. The iPhone has brought about a revolution in the way a phone is used. It has opened business channels for various parties. Service providers Internet service providers and mobile telephony service providers are falling over each other to provide their service through

The send off / Ducle et Decorum est - Compare these two poems by Essay

The send off / Ducle et Decorum est - Compare these two poems by Wilfred Owen which is both about the horrors of war. In any way you like. The send off/ Ducle et Decorum est. Compare these two poems by Wilfred Owen which is both about the horrors of war. In any way you like. Wilfred Owen is trying to tell people the way soldiers were sent off battle and who was there to show them support in of their need. Also he is showing people who were pressured into going to war and they know that they have a 5% chance or not returning back let alone in tacked with an arm missing. Death seems to be mentioned a lot in Wilfred Owen's poems for example the title of "Dulce et decorum est." in an English translation means "It is sweet and fitting to die for ones country. Throughout the poem more pictures are painted of death and funerals e.g. Dulce et Decorum est is an unglamours shocking picture at the front line. It is really making fun of the title I think that there might be a bit of irony in it. The two poems are first hand accounts of the war. Wilfred Owen is trying to tell everyone "don't go to war unless it is absolutely necessary". The two poems are showing the bitterness about war also there is a sense of shame in both of how people where sent off to die and not really care about them because it was their choice and they wanted to die for their country and in the way that the soldiers never returned the same person as when they arrived. Both of the poems are immensely sad by the way that they portrayed things like in Dulce et Decorum est. 'Bent doubles like old beggars under sacks' it is sad what war does to soldiers you don't associate soldiers like old beggars. Also in the send off 'Down the close... ...nt tongues, -- My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. All Wilfred Owens's poems seem to rhyme. The ends of the alternate lines rhyme in most all of his poems for example in "The send off" The 1st line ends in way and the 3rd in gay. This is repeated with other rhyming words all through the poem. On the 7th and 9th lines the rhyme is tramp and camp. In "Dulce et decorum est" we can see the same format of rhyming. The end of each alternate line rhymes i.e. the ends of the 1st and 3rd lines in this case sacks and backs, and the end of the 9th and 10th lines fumbling and stumbling. Do what Owen did. The pain of this piece of writing is its truth. This is something we believe the poet saw and actually experienced. Your experiences can be just as vital.

Consumer Behavior Final Project Essay

Target Corporation is a retail store based out of America, its headquarters are in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Target’s goal began with creating an upscale alternative to Wal Mart, while remaining a discount store. They have since become the fourth largest retailer and second largest discount retailer in the United States, Wal Mart being the first. Target’s first retail store was opened in 1962, in Minnesota. The company has continually grown to its present day size, operating 1,916 stores in the US. In 2013 Target began operating in Canada, and has since opened 127 stores throughout. Target offers clean, spacious and guest-friendly stores. Their motto is â€Å"Expect More, Pay Less,† indicating you will find good quality, at low prices. They have a variety of their own in store brands. Target has made â€Å"cheap-chic† accessible to everyone, in the form of furniture, fashion and household items, offering designer products at affordable prices. Target reaches younger customers with higher incomes than its competitors. Target aims for high-end buyers, in part because the middle class is shrinking. In general they reach moderate to better income families with active lifestyles and a multitude of hobbies. A Target customer’s median age is 40, and median household income is $64,000. Eighty percent of Target customers are female and thirty-three percent have children at home. 50% of consumers are employed in professional or managerial positions. Around fifty-seven percent of Target customers have completed college. Generally Target’s consumers are interested in buying higher end, quality products. Their primary market is females ages 35-45, therefore this demographic should be the focus of their marketing efforts. Secondary customers could be the spouses of these females who use the products their wives shop for but are not the primary customers making the purchasing decisions. Tertiary consumers could be children in families, using the product but not yet making direct purchasing decisions. These children may become primary consumers later in life, if they associate the brand with positive experiences. Target offers a customer loyalty program which helps generate  and keep customers. This program helps identify customer purchasing trends which enables marketers to create effective, targeted promotions, decreasing advertising costs. The key behind Target’s success is their positioning as a high-end brand despite their low prices, which attracts a group of consumers who normally would not seek discount retailers. Target provides knowledgable, friendly staff that is happy to answer questions and assist customers. A report by Time Trades showed that 85 percent of consumers purchase more when helped by a knowledgeable sales person. Target successfully associates it’s brand with a younger, edgier, hipper and more fun image that it’s discount retail competitors. Most consumers that shop at Target don’t see it as a discount store, but as a superstore where you can buy everything you need conveniently in one place. Target spends 2.3 percent of their revenue on advertising, in comparison Wal-Mart only spends 0.3 percent. Target has been smart with their marketing efforts, especially by partnering with many high-end design oriented suppliers over the years. Target uses bright and eye-catching advertisements with creative presentations. Target puts a lot of work into their displays and understands the power of them, capturing more sales as a result. An example of this is the bins Target strategically places near the front entrance with items under five dollars. This catches consumers’ attention when they first enter the store and right before they head to the checkout. Most consumers identify with Target’s symbol, a bulls-eye and their store color, red without even seeing or hearing the Target name. Target continues to improve their mobile app, which is an in-store shopping tool for consumers. The app includes a section for weekly ads that uses location to show consumers a weekly ad for a nearby store. There is a section in the app that allows consumers to prepare a personalized shopping list. Target’s guest wi fi network which lets consumers see special services and deals for each store also allows Target to monitor where in the store consumers are and what products they are looking for. They have created an online magazine called â€Å"A Bulls-eye View.† Its purpose is to tell stories behind Target’s partnerships, products, events and other things going on with the  company. It does not pitch products but instead stays true to an old-journalism outlook, â€Å"show don’t tell.† For example, an article may be written about how to decorate your home using a Target product line, but will not promote a specific product. â€Å"A Bulls-eye View† attracts 100,000 unique visitors each month. The Target spokesperson, Hausman says Target’s marketing efforts are heading towards building stronger relationships with consumers through social media. This is what â€Å"A Bulls-eye View† is designed to do, build relationships with consumers that will eventually lead to sales. Target has a packaging operations team to ensure products have an appealing structure that holds the product with eye-catching graphics. Target’s advertising and in-store promotions strive to convey the message that they are clean, fresh and offer in style products. They send the message that products are priced well and convenient to buy. Target uses assortment, placing complementary items, commonly purchased together near each other. Through intelligent, consistent marketing Target has turned it’s bulls-eye logo into a lifestyle symbol recognized by ninety-six percent of American consumers. Strivers represent active consumers and are the primary VALS type that shop at Target. Shopping allows these people to demonstrate to peers their ability to buy, and is a social activity. Strivers can be compulsive buyers, depending on their financial circumstances. Strivers tend to like stylish, trendy products, and love fun, which are qualities Target represents and personality traits they aim to appeal to. I think Target’s secondary market is Experiencers, who are generally young and eager consumers. They like self-expression and excitement, and are attracted to new offbeat brands. Target tries to appeal to young, hip, fun consumers. Experiencers tend to spend a lot of their income on entertainment, socializing and fashion, and strive to accumulate trendy possessions. Even though these consumers are young and most likely do not yet have large entertainment and clothing budgets, they are attracted to Target because it is a discount store. Those that follow terminal values of social recognition may be attracted to Target, Target markets it’s company as providing high-end products for a high-end lifestyle. Those that value an exciting life may be attracted to Target’s brand since its image is exciting  and fun. Other-directed consumers may be more likely to shop at Target; they observe their peers to decide what is acceptable. Many of Target’s advertisements demonstrate social acceptance portraying groups. Target shoppers use routinized response behavior for most of the items they would purchase. Most Target guests are shopping for every day household items, which are items they have experience purchasing. They do not need more information or time spent researching the product. Those that use routinized response behavior have experience purchasing the product, and a clear idea of their expectations. The more a product becomes routine to buy for a consumer, the less reactive they will be to advertising efforts and discounts for similar products of different brands. Consumers at Target may use limited problem solving, occurring when shoppers are thinking about purchasing new versions of previously purchased products that may have additional features. Another instance when limited problem solving would be used is when a consumer is undecided about which brand or version of a product to purchase. Consumers may need more information to understand the differences between product brands. Limited problem solving is often used with occasional purchases like clothing, movies, and cosmetics. Since Target has such a wide variety of items for sale, there are many different decision-making processes used. Extensive problem solving is probably the least common decision-making process used by Target shoppers. Extensive problem solving is used when purchasing a product in a new category that is not well known or when purchasing a high-risk item that is more expensive or presents a psychological risk. With extensive problem solving there is no consumer preference for a certain brand or product. The purchase process in long and a lot of time is spent on research. There are few products sold at Target that require extensive problem solving, perhaps electronics like computers, televisions and video game consoles. The same product may not produce the same decision-making process in every consumer. A Target shopper that is accustomed to a certain product will have routinized response behavior, whereas a consumer who is new to a product will probably use limited problem solving for the same purchase. Survey: 1. How many times in the past year have you shopped in a discount retail store? 2. How many people live in your household, and how many of these individuals are children (under 18)? 3. What is your yearly household income? 4. What industry do you work in? 5. Do you make most of your purchases in a physical retail store or online? 6. What is your age range? 7. What city do you live in? 8. What is your level of education? 9. What are your hobbies and interests? 10. If you could create a retail store personalized to your wants and needs what would it be like? Consumers enjoy shopping at Target because it is a one-stop shopping experience with a large selection. It offers a fun, comfortable and safe shopping environment with low-prices on high quality, well-designed items. Target is process-oriented, focused on getting their work done with integrity towards employees and customers. They have a deep concern for their employees, providing a fair, positive work environment and fair wages. Target is dedicated to meeting their guests’ needs and always catering to the guest experience, which contributes greatly to their success and the positive consumer attitude towards their brand. Works Cited 1. â€Å"History: Target’s Shopping Experience Over Time | Target Corporate.† Target. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. . 2. Target Stores. (2014, August 3). Retrieved September 26, 2014. . 3. Abramovich, Gisele. â€Å"Target’s ‘Show Don’t Sell’ Content Strategy – Digiday.† Digiday. N.p., 16 Apr. 2013. Web. 25 Sept. 2014. . 4. â€Å"Target Careers: Advertising & Marketing Jobs | Target Corporate.† Target . N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2014. . 5. Barwise, Patrick, and Sean Meehan. â€Å"Bullseye: Target’s Cheap Chic Strategy – HBS Working Knowledge.† Harvard Business School Working Knowledge. N.p., 16 Aug. 2004. Web. 25 Sept. 2014. . 6. Schiffman, Leon G., and Leslie Lazar Kanuk. Consumer Behavior. Pearson, 2010. 7. Johnson, Lauren. â€Å"Target Tightens Focus on Mobile as In-store Shopping Tool.† Mobile Commerce Daily RSS. N.p., 30 Aug. 2013. Web. 10 Oct. 2014. .